Adrenal Surgery
Although the question is not settled, there is a growing consensus in the literature that minimally invasive techniques may be employed for excision of primary adrenal malignancy in appropriately selected…
Functional Morphology of the Testis
FIGURE 136-1. Comparison of testicular components and cells from Asian (A), Hispanic (B), and white (C) men. Based on data from ref. 5. Spermatogenesis Mammalian spermatogenesis, including in humans, is…
Defects of Adrenal Steroidogenesis
FIGURE 103-1. Adrenal steroidogenesis. Biosynthetic pathways from cholesterol to mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and androgens (androstenedione) are shown and the cellular locations of enzyme activities indicated. CMO, Corticosterone methyl oxidase;…
Folliculogenesis, Ovulation, and Luteogenesis
FIGURE 125-1. Photomicrograph of an adult primate ovary showing the follicular and luteal units in the cortex and large blood vessels and nerves in the medulla. Gf, Graafian follicle; pf,…
Mechanisms of Thyroid Hormone Action
FIGURE 76-1. Regulation of thyroid hormone production in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Thyroid hormone is produced in the thyroid gland under control of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Circulating hormones exert multiple effects…
Role of the Adipocyte in Metabolism and Endocrine Function
FIGURE 37-1. Obesity and adipocyte hypertrophy. Adipocyte hypertrophy is a key feature of the insulin-resistant state. The flux of free fatty acids out of adipose tissue is disordered in obesity,…
Orthostatic Hypotension and Orthostatic Intolerance
FIGURE 113-1. Effects of gravity on arterial and venous blood pressures in an erect, motionless man. Arterial and venous pressures in the lower part of the body are increased, and…
Diabetic Nephropathy
FIGURE 54-1. Electron microscopic photomicrographs. A, Normal glomerular basement membrane (GBM) on the left compared to thickened GBM from a proteinuric type 1 diabetic patient on the right. B, Normal…
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
FIGURE 150-1. Schematic representation of the distribution of 384 multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) tumors in 220 patients with MEN1. The proportions of patients in whom parathyroid, pancreatic, or…
Thyroid Hormone Binding and Variants of Transport Proteins
FIGURE 93-1. Estimated proportional carriage of thyroxine (T4) on the three major plasma binding proteins is shown for euthyroid subjects with normal or variant T4 binding proteins. In the face…
