Benign tumors Papillary adenoma Renal oncocytoma Metanephric adenoma Metanephric adenofibroma Malignant tumors Clear cell renal cell carcinoma Multilocular clear cell renal cell neoplasm of low malignant potential Papillary renal cell…
Symptoms or signs Skinner n = 309 (%) Gibbons n = 110 (%) Jayson N = 131 (%) Gupta N = 811 group 1 group 4 Hematuria 59 37 24 29 39 Abdominal or flank mass 45 21…
Features suggestive of hereditary RCC Family history of RCC or confirmed syndrome Bilaterality, multifocality, early age of onset Histology: non-clear cell with unusual features, e.g., papillary type II morphology with…
Toxicity Sunitinib Sorafenib Pazopanib Axitinib All grade % Grade 3/4 % All grade % Grade 3/4 % All grade % Grade 3/4 % All grade % Grade 3/4 % General…
Type Prevalence/histology Genetic alterations Pertinent molecular pathways Papillary RCC type 1 and 2 10–15 % Type 1 with small cells and little cytoplasm; basophilic Type 2 with large cells and…
Kd References PD-1:pembrolizumab 0.028 nM (Hamid [89] #114) * while Kd 28 pM, 50 % effective binding concentration of pembrolizumab was 0.1–0.3 nM PD-1:nivolumab 2.6 nM (Brahmer [81] #48)…
Fig. 6.1 Kidney cancers are a diverse group of malignancies with distinct genetic and molecular alterations and disparate histologic features (Permission granted from Elsevier) (Linehan et al.) Fig. 6.2 The…
Fig. 23.1 Novel immune agents targeting immune signaling. MDX-1106 is a monoclonal antibody with affinity for PD-1. Binding of PD-1 on the T-cell surface to PD-L1/2 on the antigen-presenting cell…
Fig. 18.1 Structure of mTOR. The amino terminal contains tandem HEAT repeats and a FAT domain of unclear function. The kinase domain lies on the carboxy terminal of mTOR and…
Author Follow-up (years) Approach Patients Tumor size (cm) Primary effectiveness (%) Secondary effectiveness (%) DFS (5-year %) OS (5-year %) CSS (5-year %) Ma et al. [86] 5 (median) Mix…
