Keypoints Pancreatic disease is a rare cause of diabetes. Acute pancreatitis is associated with transient hyperglycemia which rarely persists. Chronic pancreatitis secondary to any cause can lead to permanent diabetes…
Keypoints Diabetes accounts for 75–90% of excess coronary artery disease risk seen in people with diabetes and enhances the effects of other cardiovascular risk factors. A range of hemodynamic and…
Keypoints The greatest long-term risk in diabetes is cardiovascular disease (CVD), with macrovascular disease being the cause of 80% of mortality in people with diabetes. Epidemiologic studies have established that…
Keypoints Diabetic foot problems remain the most common cause of hospital admissions amongst patients with diabetes in Western countries. Up to 50% of older patients with type 2 diabetes have…
Keypoints Iatrogenic hypoglycemia is the limiting factor in the glycemic management of diabetes. It occurs during treatment with an insulin secretagogue or with insulin. The key physiologic defenses against falling…
Keypoints Endocrine causes of diabetes are mainly a result of an excess of hormones that are counter-regulatory to insulin, and act by inhibiting insulin secretion and/or action. Acromegaly is almost…
Keypoints There is a strong link between congestive heart failure (CHF), and diabetes and both conditions are becoming increasingly more common. The prevalence of the combination of CHF and diabetes…
Keypoints Managing type 2 diabetes has become more complex as pharmacotherapy has expanded. Clinicians have more pharmaceutical agents targeted to hyperglycemia and obesity than before, but a relentlessly progressive disorder…
Keypoints Musculoskeletal disorders may cause pain and functional impairment, and adversely affect management of diabetes. Fibroproliferative disorders of soft tissue such as limited joint mobility, frozen shoulder, Dupuytren contracture, trigger…
Keypoints Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by gradually increasing urine albumin excretion (UAE) over many years, accompanied by slowly rising blood pressure (BP); the decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) occurs…
