Sexual Function in Men and Woman with Diabetes
Keypoints The prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with diabetes increases with age and is about 35–50% overall. Penile erection occurs as a result of engorgement of the erectile…
Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Diabetes
Keypoints Gastrointestinal manifestations are frequent in diabetes. Diabetes may not be the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms. Glycemia influences development of neuropathy and acutely changes gastric emptying. Extrinsic and enteric neuropathies…
Models of Diabetes Care Across Different Resource Settings
Keypoints A comprehensive approach to diabetes prevention and care includes policies and activities outside the formal health sector, particularly for primary prevention. Integrated care refers to the need to provide…
The Role of the Multidisciplinary Team
Keypoints There is generally low adherence of both people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and care providers to recommended treatment guidelines. Current opinion advocates a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment…
Monogenic Causes of Diabetes
Keypoints Monogenic diabetes results from single-gene mutations that cause β-cell dysfunction or, less commonly, insulin resistance. Approximately 1–2% of diabetes is monogenic, but this is frequently misdiagnosed. Monogenic diabetes should…
Pathogenesis of Microvascular Complications
Keypoints Microvascular complications are caused by prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia damages cell types that cannot downregulate glucose uptake, causing intracellular hyperglycemia. Intracellular hyperglycemia damages tissues by five major mechanisms:…
Diabetes in Old Age
Keypoints Diabetes affects 10–25% of elderly people (>65 years) worldwide, with particularly high rates in populations such as Pima Indians, Mexican-Americans and South Asians. Glucose tolerance worsens with age, the…
Future Drug Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes
Keypoints Insulin replacement therapy is considered the only effective and feasible treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as only insulin is capable of reversing the metabolic disturbances and restoring…
Abnormalities of Insulin Secretion and β-Cell Defects in Type 2 Diabetes
Keypoints Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous disorder caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors which adversely affect β-cell function and tissue insulin sensitivity. About 10%…
Insulin and Insulin Treatment
Keypoints Insulin is a potent anabolic hormone essential for life. Insulin has a circulating concentration of 15–20 mU/L in the fasting state, and 60–80 mU/L post-prandially. Early insulins were extracted…
