Summary of key facts • SARS-CoV-2 was initially detected in December 2019 and is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus causing an extremely contagious severe respiratory illness with a high rate…
Summary of key facts • Immuno-oncology (IO) is one of the fastest-growing therapeutic areas within oncology. • IO agents work indirectly via the host’s adaptive and innate immune systems to…
Summary of key facts • Immune checkpoints are molecular pathways that blunt the antitumor immune response via limiting the creation of cytotoxic T cells and triggering exhaustion of tumor-reactive immune…
Summary of key facts • The human microbiota is composed of bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and archaea. Because of its commensal relationship with the host, it is identified as…
Summary of key facts • Cancer vaccines represent a promising strategy to activate immunity in cold tumors. • The complexity and heterogeneity of human tumors remains a challenge to developing…
Summary of key facts • The concept of tumor immunosurveillance can be traced back to the early 1900s in association with observations that a potentially overwhelming frequency of carcinomas must…
Summary of key facts • The natural history of a human malignancy and its relationship to the host immune system has been described as comprising the “three Es”: elimination, equilibrium,…
Summary of key facts • Receptors of adaptive immune cells and the ensuing signaling networks are exquisitely specific and sensitive to new or altered antigens and thus poised to respond…
Summary of key facts • Professor Paul Ehrlich is credited with introducing the concept of cancers as non-self and proposing the concept of tumor immune surveillance in 1909. • Evidence…
Summary of key facts • The innate immune system is the host’s first line of immune defense against challenges of the environment. • The innate immune system response is a…
