The Cancer Genome
FIGURE 1.1 Schematic representation of the genomic and histopathological steps associated to tumor progression: from the occurrence of the initiating mutation in the founder cell to metastasis formation. It has…
Cancer Metabolism
FIGURE 8.1 A graphic representation of Warburg’s experiment is shown. Most normal tissues produce lactate in large quantities only when oxygen (O2) is absent. In contrast, cancer cells tend to…
Acute Leukemias
SELECTED EXAMPLES OF CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN LEUKEMIA As with CBF fusions, the PML/RAR-α fusion protein functions as a dominant inhibitory oncogene for RAR-α–interacting proteins, including RXR-α. In addition,…
Bladder Cancer
GENETIC CHANGES IDENTIFIED IN Ta BLADDER TUMORS CDKN2A (9p21) encodes the two cell-cycle regulators, p16 and p14ARF, which share coding region in exons 2 and 3 but have distinct exons…
Endocrine Tumors
FIGURE 25.1 A schematic diagram of the genomic organization of the gene responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1), including MEN-1 germline and somatic mutations. The gene contains ten…
Pancreas Cancer
GENETIC PROFILE OF PANCREATIC CARCINOMA As one of the most commonly mutated genes in pancreatic cancer, Ras is an attractive target for the development of gene-specific therapies, and an understanding…
Central Nervous System Tumors
FIGURE 28.1 Examples of grade II (panel A), grade III (anaplastic: panel B), and grade IV (glioblastoma: panels C and D) astrocytoma histopathology. Arrow in panel B shows mitotic figure…
Colorectal Cancer
FIGURE 19.1 Genetic pathways to colorectal carcinoma. All colorectal cancers (CRCs) arise within benign adenomatous precursors, fueled by mutations that serially enhance malignant behavior. Mutations that activate the Wnt signaling…
Cell Signaling, Growth Factors and their Receptors
LIGANDS THAT STIMULATE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS Receptors The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells serves to insulate the cell from the outside environment, but this barrier must be breached to transmit…
