Fig. 20.1 Mechanisms for the differential immune status among cancer patients. Balance of the anti-tumor T cell induction pathway and immunosuppressive pathway along with environmental factors may define the differences…

Fig. 3.1 M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) support tumor growth and progression. Circulating monocytes recruited by tumor-derived chemoattractants develop into TAMs in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs generally show an M2-like phenotype….

Fig. 18.1 Maturation of the antigen-presenting DCs by an adjuvant. Myeloid cells appear to represent the response of innate immunity. Pattern molecules of microbes and denatured self cells behaving like…

Fig. 12.1 Trafficking of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs). To avoid risks of recognizing self-nucleic acids in an extracellular milieu, nucleic acid-sensing TLRs exhibit distinctive intracellular compartmentalization and trafficking. Unc-93…

Fig. 1.1 Accumulation of immature myeloid cells (iMCs) around disseminated cancer cells in the liver. (a) A metastatic focus in the liver stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (left). Serial…

Fig. 2.1 Schematic drawing of the inflammatory microenvironment in gastrointestinal tumors. The cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2/prostaglandin (PG) E2 pathway is important for the development and maintenance of the inflammatory microenvironment, including bone…

Fig. 6.1 Anchorage-dependent multicellular aggregate (MCA) formation. When adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cells are directly co-cultured with epithelial-like feeder cells overnight, the majority of ATL cells adhere to the…

Fig. 8.1 Structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome and viral proteins. Upon infection, uncoated viral RNA is directly translated into a precursor protein through an internal ribosome entry site…

Fig. 5.1 Schematic structures of human TBK1-associated protein in the endolysosomes (TAPE), mouse TAPE and Drosophila Lethal (2) giant discs (Lgd). The identity and similarity of the amino acid sequence…

Fig. 9.1 Cross-talk between hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) induces macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β expression. (a) Hepatocytes or HCV-infected hepatocytes were cultured alone or in…