FIGURE 25.1 A schematic diagram of the genomic organization of the gene responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1), including MEN-1 germline and somatic mutations. The gene contains ten…

GENETIC PROFILE OF PANCREATIC CARCINOMA As one of the most commonly mutated genes in pancreatic cancer, Ras is an attractive target for the development of gene-specific therapies, and an understanding…

FIGURE 28.1 Examples of grade II (panel A), grade III (anaplastic: panel B), and grade IV (glioblastoma: panels C and D) astrocytoma histopathology. Arrow in panel B shows mitotic figure…

FIGURE 19.1 Genetic pathways to colorectal carcinoma. All colorectal cancers (CRCs) arise within benign adenomatous precursors, fueled by mutations that serially enhance malignant behavior. Mutations that activate the Wnt signaling…

LIGANDS THAT STIMULATE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS Receptors The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells serves to insulate the cell from the outside environment, but this barrier must be breached to transmit…

FIGURE 26.1 Sarcoma subtypes discussed in the text. Upper panels, hematoxylin and eosin–stained paraffin sections. Malign., malignant. Lower panels are fluorescence in situ hybridization images showing (left) alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with…

FIGURE 7.1 Tumor progression through cooperation of proliferative and antiapoptotic functions. In normal cells in epithelial tissues (green cells) initiating mutational events such as deregulation of c-myc expression deregulate cell…

HEREDITARY RENAL CANCER SYNDROMES Gene for Clear Cell Kidney Cancer Mutation of the VHL gene is found in a high percentage of tumors from patients with clear cell kidney cancer.19…

FIGURE 22.1 Genomic aberrations in prostate cancer. Regions of amplification (red) or deletion (blue) with false discovery rate (FDR) 10% or less are plotted, with chromosomes indicated at the center…

HEREDITARY SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD CANCER PREDISPOSITION Whereas acquired alterations of dominant oncogenes most commonly occur in somatic cells, mutant tumor suppressor genes may be found either in germ cells…