Keypoints Regular exercise increases insulin sensitivity in both individuals with and without diabetes. In individuals without diabetes, plasma insulin levels decrease during low to moderate intensity exercise to compensate for…
Keypoints Peripheral arterial disease is very common, affecting up to 30% of all people with diabetes. Amputations are much more common in patients with diabetes and occur 5–8 times more…
Keypoints Hypertension is up to twice as common in people with diabetes as in the general population, affecting 10–30% of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and 60–80% of…
Keypoints The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. Approximately 285 million people worldwide have diabetes in 2010, making it one of the most common non-communicable diseases globally. The…
Keypoints Pancreatic disease is a rare cause of diabetes. Acute pancreatitis is associated with transient hyperglycemia which rarely persists. Chronic pancreatitis secondary to any cause can lead to permanent diabetes…
Keypoints Diabetes accounts for 75–90% of excess coronary artery disease risk seen in people with diabetes and enhances the effects of other cardiovascular risk factors. A range of hemodynamic and…
Keypoints The greatest long-term risk in diabetes is cardiovascular disease (CVD), with macrovascular disease being the cause of 80% of mortality in people with diabetes. Epidemiologic studies have established that…
Keypoints Diabetic foot problems remain the most common cause of hospital admissions amongst patients with diabetes in Western countries. Up to 50% of older patients with type 2 diabetes have…
Keypoints Iatrogenic hypoglycemia is the limiting factor in the glycemic management of diabetes. It occurs during treatment with an insulin secretagogue or with insulin. The key physiologic defenses against falling…
Keypoints Endocrine causes of diabetes are mainly a result of an excess of hormones that are counter-regulatory to insulin, and act by inhibiting insulin secretion and/or action. Acromegaly is almost…
