3. Psychological care
Introduction 39 The personal meaning of having diabetes 40 SECTION ONE: EMOTION, MOOD AND HOW PEOPLE FEEL Self-efficacy 41 Locus of control 42 Health beliefs 42 Stress and diabetes 44…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
2. Diagnosis and screening for diabetes
Introduction 21 Why identify people with type 2 diabetes?22 The oral glucose tolerance test 25 Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose 27 Psychological aspects of diagnosis of type 2…
Future Drug Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes
Keypoints The heterogeneous and progressive nature of type 2 diabetes presents an ongoing requirement for additional and novel blood glucose-lowering agents. Longer-acting (once daily and once weekly injected) analogs of…
Diabetic Retinopathy
Keypoints In the Wisconsin study [1], proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) occurred in 67% of persons with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) for 35 or more years. One would therefore expect…
Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Keypoints Glycemic control is a fundamental part of the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adequate glycemic control is necessary to address acute symptoms and to prevent, defer or reduce…
The History of Diabetes Mellitus
Keypoints Polyuric diseases have been described for over 3500 years. The name “diabetes” comes from the Greek word for a syphon; the sweet taste of diabetic urine was recognized at…
The Skin in Diabetes
Keypoints Various skin conditions are associated with diabetes, either type 1 or type 2, the specific chronic complications of the disease, the use of antidiabetic drugs and certain endocrine and…
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Keypoints Approximately one in three people with diabetes is affected by distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN), which represents a major health problem as it may present with excruciating neuropathic pain and…
Lifestyle Issues: Exercise
Keypoints Regular exercise increases insulin sensitivity in both individuals with and without diabetes. In individuals without diabetes, plasma insulin levels decrease during low to moderate intensity exercise to compensate for…
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Keypoints Peripheral arterial disease is very common, affecting up to 30% of all people with diabetes. Amputations are much more common in patients with diabetes and occur 5–8 times more…
