IIB T3N0M0 A reasonable initial surgical approach is likely to achieve pathologically negative margins and provide long-term local control Primary operable IIIA T3N1M0 IIIA T0N2M0 T1N2M0 T2N2M0 An initial surgical…
Stage 0 Latent/subclinical stage Swelling not yet evident Impaired lymph transportsubtle changes in imaging Stage I Clearly visible swelling with soft pitting Swelling temporarily reduced by elevation/during night-time Stage II…
Fig. 23.1 Lymphoscintigraphy, frontal and lateral view. Injection site in the left breast and sentinel node in the left axilla clearly visible already after 5 min Fig. 23.2 Sentinel node stained with…
Fig. 44.1 Data from the UK National Cancer Registry on stage and prognostic factors by age subgroup (Modified from [35]) There is some evidence that if this stage difference could be…
Fig. 31.1 Body types, apple and pear Usually several consultations are necessary before reaching the final decision about the donor site, and as the patient will ultimately have to live with…
Fig. 48.1 Clinical presentation of locally advanced breast cancer Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is a rare and aggressive entity characterised by erythema and skin oedema (peau d’orange) occurring over a third…
Fig. 15.1 Invasive breast cancer of no special type Breast cancers, other than invasive carcinomas NST, may belong to one of a number of major categories as follows: special types of…
First author Year No. of patients IFR (%) FNR (%) SLNB oncologically safe? Xing [19] 2006 1273 90 12 √ Hunt [18] 2009 3736 97.4 5.9 √ Kelly [20] 2009…
Fig. 49.1 Breast cancer incidence and mortality in the world (GLOBOCAN 2012) (Reprinted from Breast Cancer. Estimated Incidence, Mortality Worldwide in 2012. Estimated age-standardised rates (World) per 100,000. From Ferlay et…
Fig. 20.1 a Patient following right wide local excision and centralization of the nipple areola complex for invasive ductal carcinoma and radiotherapy. Evident lack of volume with scar retraction and contour…
