Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Keypoints Approximately one in three people with diabetes is affected by distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN), which represents a major health problem as it may present with excruciating neuropathic pain and…
Lifestyle Issues: Exercise
Keypoints Regular exercise increases insulin sensitivity in both individuals with and without diabetes. In individuals without diabetes, plasma insulin levels decrease during low to moderate intensity exercise to compensate for…
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Keypoints Peripheral arterial disease is very common, affecting up to 30% of all people with diabetes. Amputations are much more common in patients with diabetes and occur 5–8 times more…
Hypertension
Keypoints Hypertension is up to twice as common in people with diabetes as in the general population, affecting 10–30% of people with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and 60–80% of…
Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes
Keypoints The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide. Approximately 285 million people worldwide have diabetes in 2010, making it one of the most common non-communicable diseases globally. The…
Pancreatic Diseases and Diabetes
Keypoints Pancreatic disease is a rare cause of diabetes. Acute pancreatitis is associated with transient hyperglycemia which rarely persists. Chronic pancreatitis secondary to any cause can lead to permanent diabetes…
The Pathogenesis of Macrovascular Complications Including Atherosclerosis in Diabetes
Keypoints Diabetes accounts for 75–90% of excess coronary artery disease risk seen in people with diabetes and enhances the effects of other cardiovascular risk factors. A range of hemodynamic and…
Diabetes Lipid Therapies
Keypoints The greatest long-term risk in diabetes is cardiovascular disease (CVD), with macrovascular disease being the cause of 80% of mortality in people with diabetes. Epidemiologic studies have established that…
Foot Problems in Patients with Diabetes
Keypoints Diabetic foot problems remain the most common cause of hospital admissions amongst patients with diabetes in Western countries. Up to 50% of older patients with type 2 diabetes have…
Hypoglycemia in Diabetes
Keypoints Iatrogenic hypoglycemia is the limiting factor in the glycemic management of diabetes. It occurs during treatment with an insulin secretagogue or with insulin. The key physiologic defenses against falling…
