The Metabolic Basis of Kidney Cancer
Fig. 6.1 Kidney cancers are a diverse group of malignancies with distinct genetic and molecular alterations and disparate histologic features (Permission granted from Elsevier) (Linehan et al.) Fig. 6.2 The…
Emerging Agents in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Fig. 23.1 Novel immune agents targeting immune signaling. MDX-1106 is a monoclonal antibody with affinity for PD-1. Binding of PD-1 on the T-cell surface to PD-L1/2 on the antigen-presenting cell…
The Role of mTOR Inhibitors and PI3K Pathway Blockade in Renal Cell Cancer
Fig. 18.1 Structure of mTOR. The amino terminal contains tandem HEAT repeats and a FAT domain of unclear function. The kinase domain lies on the carboxy terminal of mTOR and…
Thermal Ablative Techniques in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Author Follow-up (years) Approach Patients Tumor size (cm) Primary effectiveness (%) Secondary effectiveness (%) DFS (5-year %) OS (5-year %) CSS (5-year %) Ma et al. [86] 5 (median) Mix…
Cytoreductive Nephrectomy
Fig. 10.1 Combined analysis of overall survival in the EORTC 30947 and SWOG 8949 trials. Median overall survival is 7.8 months in the observation group (O=interferon monotherapy) versus 13.6 months…
Surgical Approaches to Early-Stage Renal Cell Carcinoma
Fig. 9.1 Risk assessment algorithm for a patient with newly diagnosed localized renal cell carcinoma. Assessing risk occurs throughout the continuum of patient care. Risk assessment during initial evaluation requires…
Cytokines in the Management of Advanced Renal Cell Cancer
Interferons (INF): interferon-α, interferon-β, interferon-γ Interleukins (IL): interleukin-2, interleukin-12, interleukin-21 Cytokine combination strategies Cytokine combinations Cytokines + cellular therapies (e.g., IL-2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) Cytokines and chemotherapy or biologics (e.g.,…
Metastasectomy
General The lungs The bone The brain Solitary or oligometastatic lesions Metachronous metastasis and long disease-free interval of >2 years Complete resection Single organ site Good performance status (Karnofsky, ECOG,…
Molecular Biology of Kidney Cancer
Fig. 3.1 Control of HIF activity. Steady-state levels of HIFα are controlled by its rate of synthesis and degradation. The former is regulated by the TORC1 complex, which contains the…
Presurgical Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Group N Study type Treatment Primary tumor Disease state MD Anderson Cancer Center [9] 50 Prospective Bevacizumab+/– erlotinib Resectable Metastatic with primary in place: 50 University of North Carolina [6]…
