FIGURE 19.1 Genetic pathways to colorectal carcinoma. All colorectal cancers (CRCs) arise within benign adenomatous precursors, fueled by mutations that serially enhance malignant behavior. Mutations that activate the Wnt signaling…
LIGANDS THAT STIMULATE SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS Receptors The plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells serves to insulate the cell from the outside environment, but this barrier must be breached to transmit…
FIGURE 7.1 Tumor progression through cooperation of proliferative and antiapoptotic functions. In normal cells in epithelial tissues (green cells) initiating mutational events such as deregulation of c-myc expression deregulate cell…
HEREDITARY RENAL CANCER SYNDROMES Gene for Clear Cell Kidney Cancer Mutation of the VHL gene is found in a high percentage of tumors from patients with clear cell kidney cancer.19…
FIGURE 22.1 Genomic aberrations in prostate cancer. Regions of amplification (red) or deletion (blue) with false discovery rate (FDR) 10% or less are plotted, with chromosomes indicated at the center…
HEREDITARY SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDHOOD CANCER PREDISPOSITION Whereas acquired alterations of dominant oncogenes most commonly occur in somatic cells, mutant tumor suppressor genes may be found either in germ cells…
FIGURE 24.1 Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. Familial breast cancer comprises approximately 20% to 30% of all breast cancers. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two major high-penetrance genes associated with hereditary…
FIGURE 27.1 Validated genes mutated or deregulated in melanoma progression. Progression of normal melanocytes to metastatic melanoma is diagrammed with associated genetic events as a linear process, although in a…
APPROVED KINASE INHIBITORS After CML, the next example to illustrate this principle was gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), which is associated with mutations in the KIT tyrosine kinase receptor or, more…
