Antiandrogen Therapy
Antiandrogen Therapy Bruce A. Chabner The initial attempt at treating cancer with hormone ablation was implemented by Charles Huggins at the University of Chicago in 194l, when he hypothesized that…
L-Asparaginase
L-Asparaginase Bruce A. Chabner Most anticancer drugs are small synthetic molecules designed to inhibit enzymes or to interact with DNA. Newer drugs may also be proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies…
The Cancer Genome
FIGURE 1.1 Schematic representation of the genomic and histopathological steps associated to tumor progression: from the occurrence of the initiating mutation in the founder cell to metastasis formation. It has…
Cancer Metabolism
FIGURE 8.1 A graphic representation of Warburg’s experiment is shown. Most normal tissues produce lactate in large quantities only when oxygen (O2) is absent. In contrast, cancer cells tend to…
Acute Leukemias
SELECTED EXAMPLES OF CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN LEUKEMIA As with CBF fusions, the PML/RAR-α fusion protein functions as a dominant inhibitory oncogene for RAR-α–interacting proteins, including RXR-α. In addition,…
Bladder Cancer
GENETIC CHANGES IDENTIFIED IN Ta BLADDER TUMORS CDKN2A (9p21) encodes the two cell-cycle regulators, p16 and p14ARF, which share coding region in exons 2 and 3 but have distinct exons…
Endocrine Tumors
FIGURE 25.1 A schematic diagram of the genomic organization of the gene responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1), including MEN-1 germline and somatic mutations. The gene contains ten…
Pancreas Cancer
GENETIC PROFILE OF PANCREATIC CARCINOMA As one of the most commonly mutated genes in pancreatic cancer, Ras is an attractive target for the development of gene-specific therapies, and an understanding…
Central Nervous System Tumors
FIGURE 28.1 Examples of grade II (panel A), grade III (anaplastic: panel B), and grade IV (glioblastoma: panels C and D) astrocytoma histopathology. Arrow in panel B shows mitotic figure…
