Abstract The embryonic development and adult function of the mammalian reproductive tract is greatly influenced by multiple conserved growth factor signaling pathways. These include transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), wingless-type MMTV…
Abstract Steroid hormones are a group of hormones derived from cholesterol that act as chemical messengers in the body. The steroid hormones regulate many physiologic processes, including the development and…
Abstract Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release from the hypothalamus governs pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which in turn regulate the production of gonadal sex steroids and gametes…
Abstract The gonads (ovary, testis) produce gametes (oocytes and spermatozoa). The pituitary glycoprotein hormones luteinizing hormone (LH, lutropin) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin) are gonadotropins because their targets are the…
Abstract Prolactin is a single chain polypeptide secreted by anterior pituitary lactotroph cells. Prolactin secretion is primarily under inhibitory control by hypothalamic dopamine. Prolactin levels rise substantially during pregnancy and…
Neck, Axillary, Ilioinguinal, and Other Lymph Node Dissections NECK LYMPH NODE DISSECTION CRITICAL ELEMENTS Boundaries of an Oncologically Appropriate Neck Dissection Superficial or Total Parotidectomy Removal of a Sufficient Number…
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy CRITICAL ELEMENTS Dynamic Lymphoscintigraphy to Identify the Sentinel Lymph Node-Containing Nodal Basin Placement of the Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Incision Identification and Removal of One or…
Esophagectomy CRITICAL ELEMENTS Resection of the Primary Tumor to Negative Margins Lymph Node Dissection Gastrointestinal Reconstruction Construction of Gastric Conduit Performance of a Gastric-Emptying Procedure Alternate Conduits Cervical Versus Intrathoracic…
Wide Local Excision CRITICAL ELEMENTS Margin Width Depth of Excision Anatomic Orientation of the Excision 1. MARGIN WIDTH Recommendation: The margin width for wide local excision of melanoma is based…
