Dermatologic Toxicities of Radiation Therapy
Introduction ■ Radiation dermatitis is one of the earliest known side effects of radiation. Almost all patients receiving radiation therapy have some changes in the skin. Acute and/or chronic skin…
Pulmonary Toxicities of Radiation Therapy
Introduction ■ Radiation is an integral component of many patients’ treatment regimens. The goal of radiation therapy is to deliver a dose to the target while sparing the normal tissue…
Cardiovascular Toxicities of Radiation Therapy
Introduction ■ Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the top two causes of global mortality, accounting for 46% of deaths worldwide. To complicate matters further, cancer treatment has led to a…
Mucosal and Esophageal Toxicites of Radiation Therapy
Introduction ■ Oral and esophageal mucosal injuries are inevitable postradiation changes, encountered with daily radiation therapy. Mucositis has remained a morbid side effect of radiation therapy since its first clinical…
Mechanisms of Radiation-Related Toxicities
Introduction Radiotherapy comprises the delivery of ionizing radiation, most commonly in the form of X-rays, for the treatment of malignant or benign neoplasms. Radiotherapy induces DNA damage either through direct…
Cardivascular Toxicities of Immunotherapy
Introduction Recent advances in the field of immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and have given hope to patients with cancers that were associated with a poor prognosis. Immune…
Rheumatological Toxicities of Immunotherapy
Introduction ■ The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy to treat cancer has changed the treatment paradigm for many malignancies. These agents exploit suppressor and regulatory pathways to boost…
Dermatologic Toxicities of Immunotherapy
Introduction ■ Cancer immunoediting is the process by which malignant cells evade the immune system—first by incomplete elimination of tumor cells during immunosurveillance, followed by an equilibrium phase, and finally…
Pulmonary Toxicities of Immunotherapy
Introduction ■Cancer immunotherapy has come a long way since its inception centuries ago when, in 1777, the surgeon to the Duke of Kent injected himself with malignant cells in an…
Neurological Toxicities of Immunotherapy
Introduction Cancer immunotherapy has a rich history. In the late 19th century, William Coley treated sarcoma patients with intratumoral bacteria and bacterial products and demonstrated tumor shrinkage. Over the years,…
