B-Lymphocyte Development and Biology Richard R. Hardy INTRODUCTION B lymphocytes constitute one of the major arms of the immune system, being responsible for humoral immunity. B cells in humans and…

Antigen-Antibody Interactions and Monoclonal Antibodies Jay A. Berzofsky Ira J. Berkower INTRODUCTION The basic principles of antigen-antibody interaction are those of any bimolecular reaction. Moreover, the binding of antigen by…

Immunoglobulins: Molecular Genetics Edward E. Max Sebastian Fugmann INTRODUCTION To respond to a foreign molecule (antigen) on an invading pathogen, the “humoral” immune system generates antibodies, or immunoglobulins (Igs), that…

Immunoglobulins: Structure and Function Harry W. Schroeder Jr David Wald Neil S. Greenspan INTRODUCTION Immunoglobulins (Igs) are marked by a duality of structure and function.1 In common with other members…

Evolution of the Immune System Martin F. Flajnik Louis Du Pasquier INTRODUCTION Defense mechanisms are found in all living things, even bacteria, where they are surprisingly elaborate. Although new adaptive…

Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Eitan M. Akirav Noelia Alonso-Gonzalez Lucy A. Truman Nancy H. Ruddle INTRODUCTION The mammalian immune system defends against invading pathogens, by both the innate and adaptive…

History of Immunology Steven Greenberg INTRODUCTION There comes a time during every argument at which the two opposing parties reach a critical juncture: either resolution or impasse. Variations on this…

The Immune System William E. Paul The immune system is a remarkable defense mechanism. It makes rapid, specific, and protective responses against the myriad potentially pathogenic microorganisms that inhabit the…