Abstract Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a highly complex and heterogeneous disease. Proper classification according to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification requires a systematic approach and integration of…
Abstract Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of myeloid neoplasms defined by peripheral cytopaenia, morphologic dysplasia in one or more haematopoietic lineages, and genetic instability with risk of transformation…
Abstract The ‘classical’ Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), essential thrombocythaemia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and polycythaemia vera (PV), are characterized by clonal myeloproliferation with effective maturation causing accumulation of terminally…
Abstract Disorders of histiocytic and dendritic cell origin, traditionally referred to as histiocytoses [1], form a group of extremely rare tumours, characterized by variable malignant potential and unpredictable clinical course,…
Abstract The bone marrow (BM) extracellular matrix (ECM) is often inconspicuous, and hence neglected in a normal BM trephine biopsy (BMB), but it has essential functions in the homeostasis of…
Abstract Aplasia is a pathologic term that is broadly defined as the absence or near-absence of one or more haematopoietic lineages in the bone marrow (BM). Clinically, BM aplasia affecting…
Abstract Trepanning of the bone is one of the oldest known procedures carried out by man and the use of the modern trephine biopsy has a venerable history. Parapia has…
Abstract Knowledge and understanding of the appearance of normal bone marrow (BM) and therefore normal haematopoiesis is essential for both general pathologists and specialist haematopathologists. It is only once normal…
Figure 1.1: Composition of whole blood, serum and plasma The main disadvantage of using serum is that the blood has already clotted. In other words, a series of metabolic processes…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acid base Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) is a narrowing of the airways, leading to poor lung function and severe airflow obstruction (low FEV1). The…
