Lymph Node Dissection for Thyroid Cancer
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ A thorough knowledge of the surgical anatomy is mandatory for lymph node dissection of the neck. Cervical Lymph Node Levels ♦ The lymph node regions…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Thyroidectomy for Locally Advanced Cancer
♦ The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing in the United States, with 35,000 patients seen annually. Interestingly, mortality from thyroid cancer has remained unchanged over the past 25…
Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ One of the most common criticisms of the laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach is a seeming lack of anatomic landmarks. This is in contrast to the anatomically…
Thyroidectomy for Large or Substernal Goiters
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The first documentation of the thyroid gland was by Galen in the second century. Then, in 1656, the anatomist Thomas Wharton coined the term thyroid,…
Surgical Anatomy, Intraoperative Neural Monitoring, and Operative Management of the RLN and SLN
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The larynx is composed primarily of the upper thyroid cartilage and the lower ringlike cricoid cartilage. ▴ The thyroid cartilage is shield-shaped with a left…
Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy
♦ Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP), or focused parathyroidectomy, was developed to facilitate surgical management of single-gland parathyroid disease with a smaller incision and less tissue dissection than the traditional four-gland…
Reoperative Thyroid Surgery
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ Thyroid reoperations are among the most technically demanding and morbid procedures in endocrine surgery. The additive effect of postoperative adhesions, the altered relationship between the…
Energy Metabolism
Objectives 1. Explain energy metabolism in general and how the challenges to provide adequate energy to all cells change during the digestive phase versus the fasting phase. 2. List the…
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex
Objectives 1. Discuss the embryology and anatomy of the pituitary gland. 2. Review the function of the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), including the synthesis, regulation, and function of two neurohormones: antidiuretic…
The Female Reproductive System
Objectives 1. Describe the anatomy and histology of the ovary and the development of the ovarian follicle. 2. Describe the steroidogenic pathways in the ovarian follicle and the functions of…
