Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ in the upper abdomen that slopes upward from the C-loop of the duodenum to the splenic hilum. It is…

Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The anatomy associated with a gamma probe–guided approach to minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) is no different than for an MIP alone or traditional parathyroidectomy with…

Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ A thorough knowledge of the surgical anatomy is mandatory for lymph node dissection of the neck. Cervical Lymph Node Levels ♦ The lymph node regions…

♦ The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing in the United States, with 35,000 patients seen annually. Interestingly, mortality from thyroid cancer has remained unchanged over the past 25…

Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ One of the most common criticisms of the laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach is a seeming lack of anatomic landmarks. This is in contrast to the anatomically…

Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The first documentation of the thyroid gland was by Galen in the second century. Then, in 1656, the anatomist Thomas Wharton coined the term thyroid,…

Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The larynx is composed primarily of the upper thyroid cartilage and the lower ringlike cricoid cartilage. ▴ The thyroid cartilage is shield-shaped with a left…

♦ Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP), or focused parathyroidectomy, was developed to facilitate surgical management of single-gland parathyroid disease with a smaller incision and less tissue dissection than the traditional four-gland…

Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ Thyroid reoperations are among the most technically demanding and morbid procedures in endocrine surgery. The additive effect of postoperative adhesions, the altered relationship between the…