Keypoints Musculoskeletal disorders may cause pain and functional impairment, and adversely affect management of diabetes. Fibroproliferative disorders of soft tissue such as limited joint mobility, frozen shoulder, Dupuytren contracture, trigger…
Keypoints Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by gradually increasing urine albumin excretion (UAE) over many years, accompanied by slowly rising blood pressure (BP); the decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) occurs…
Keypoints The prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men with diabetes increases with age and is about 35–50% overall. Penile erection occurs as a result of engorgement of the erectile…
Keypoints Gastrointestinal manifestations are frequent in diabetes. Diabetes may not be the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms. Glycemia influences development of neuropathy and acutely changes gastric emptying. Extrinsic and enteric neuropathies…
Keypoints A comprehensive approach to diabetes prevention and care includes policies and activities outside the formal health sector, particularly for primary prevention. Integrated care refers to the need to provide…
Keypoints There is generally low adherence of both people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and care providers to recommended treatment guidelines. Current opinion advocates a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment…
Keypoints Monogenic diabetes results from single-gene mutations that cause β-cell dysfunction or, less commonly, insulin resistance. Approximately 1–2% of diabetes is monogenic, but this is frequently misdiagnosed. Monogenic diabetes should…
Keypoints Microvascular complications are caused by prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia damages cell types that cannot downregulate glucose uptake, causing intracellular hyperglycemia. Intracellular hyperglycemia damages tissues by five major mechanisms:…
Keypoints Diabetes affects 10–25% of elderly people (>65 years) worldwide, with particularly high rates in populations such as Pima Indians, Mexican-Americans and South Asians. Glucose tolerance worsens with age, the…
Keypoints Insulin replacement therapy is considered the only effective and feasible treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as only insulin is capable of reversing the metabolic disturbances and restoring…
