Fig. 8.1 Diabetes significantly affects osteoblast activity at multiple levels. Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into pre-osteoblasts or pre-adipocytes as well as other cell types. Runx2 is expressed when mesenchymal…
Fig. 7.1 Schematic representation of coupling between osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast development and function. MSC mesenchymal stem cells, HSC hematopoietic stem cells Three types of cells are involved in bone…
Fig. 2.1 Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of hip fracture in case–control and cohort studies. Each square shows the study-specific relative risk (RR) estimate (the size of…
Fig. 5.1 (Right side) Healthy periodontal tissue. (Left half side) Effects of periodontitis with subgingival bacterial plaque formation, gingival tissue inflammation, periodontal attachment loss, periodontal pocket formation, and alveolar bone…
Fig. 6.1 Histomorphometric changes in bone formation. (a, b) Tetracycline double-labeled bone biopsies in a 58-year-old T2D Caucasian woman (a) and a 57-year-old Caucasian female control (b). Bone formation is…
Authors Years Locations Study methods N (F, M) Age at enroll (years) Fracture sites RR [OR]a Associations, impact of comorbidities CGC Zhukouskaya [51] 2013 Belarus Case–control 82/82 F + M 20–55 Vertebral…
at time k is formed by a linear weighted average of the individual predictors . (1)It is also common to restrict the weights w k to [0,1]. The possible reasons…
. A local cost c(x, u) is associated with each state x and action u. The aim of the AC algorithm is to minimize the average expected cost per state…
Fig. 1 DIAdvisor™ modeling and prediction [22] 1.3 Statement of the Problem The development of a safe predictive and advisory system, such as the DIAdvisorTM tool, would require patient-specific dynamical models…
(1) (2)where g(t) is the deviation of glucose plasma concentration from its basal value g b (in mg/dl), x(t) is the internal variable of insulin action (in min−1), i(t) is…
