Introduction Cushing’s syndrome (CS) was first discovered as a neurosurgical condition, and its history is linked to the birth of neurosurgery as a surgical specialty. In 1912, Harvey Cushing documented…
Introduction Cushing’s is often considered to be the most difficult endocrine disorder to diagnose, manage, and treat. Though there are more than two dozen morbidities associated with this disorder, none…
Introduction Perioperative management of a patient with Cushing’s syndrome involves reconciling the physiologic implications of excess cortisol with the complex changes occurring in the perioperative period. Successful surgical intervention for…
Introduction Adrenal gland disorders, which include adenomas, carcinomas, and bilateral adrenal disease, account for approximately 20%–25% of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CS) cases. Bilateral adrenal disease is classified as either macronodular…
Introduction Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is a well-established endocrine disorder resulting from persistent exposure to glucocorticoids, originating either endogenously or, more commonly, from exogenous sources [ , ]. The subclinical form…
Introduction Despite attaining control of hypercortisolism in most patients diagnosed with Cushing disease (CD) with precise neurosurgical techniques, medications (either steroidogenesis synthesis inhibitors, pituitary directed drugs to inhibit ACTH secretion,…
Introduction Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41-amino acid peptide with an important physiologic role in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. As a diagnostic agent, CRH has been extensively…
Introduction Medical therapy for Cushing’s syndrome (CS) has historically played a minor role in the disease management; however, it has recently acquired an emerging role, with the availability of several…
Introduction Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (Cs) is rare with an incidence of 1,8–3,2 cases per million per year [ ]. Pregnancy is uncommon in women with Cs with fewer than 250…
Introduction Cushing syndrome (CS) is a rare endocrine condition, which results from chronic increased concentrations of cortisol [ ]. In contrast to exogenous CS that is a common due to…
