Type Prevalence/histology Genetic alterations Pertinent molecular pathways Papillary RCC type 1 and 2 10–15 % Type 1 with small cells and little cytoplasm; basophilic Type 2 with large cells and…
Kd References PD-1:pembrolizumab 0.028 nM (Hamid [89] #114) * while Kd 28 pM, 50 % effective binding concentration of pembrolizumab was 0.1–0.3 nM PD-1:nivolumab 2.6 nM (Brahmer [81] #48)…
Fig. 6.1 Kidney cancers are a diverse group of malignancies with distinct genetic and molecular alterations and disparate histologic features (Permission granted from Elsevier) (Linehan et al.) Fig. 6.2 The…
Fig. 23.1 Novel immune agents targeting immune signaling. MDX-1106 is a monoclonal antibody with affinity for PD-1. Binding of PD-1 on the T-cell surface to PD-L1/2 on the antigen-presenting cell…
Fig. 18.1 Structure of mTOR. The amino terminal contains tandem HEAT repeats and a FAT domain of unclear function. The kinase domain lies on the carboxy terminal of mTOR and…
Author Follow-up (years) Approach Patients Tumor size (cm) Primary effectiveness (%) Secondary effectiveness (%) DFS (5-year %) OS (5-year %) CSS (5-year %) Ma et al. [86] 5 (median) Mix…
Fig. 10.1 Combined analysis of overall survival in the EORTC 30947 and SWOG 8949 trials. Median overall survival is 7.8 months in the observation group (O=interferon monotherapy) versus 13.6 months…
Fig. 9.1 Risk assessment algorithm for a patient with newly diagnosed localized renal cell carcinoma. Assessing risk occurs throughout the continuum of patient care. Risk assessment during initial evaluation requires…
Interferons (INF): interferon-α, interferon-β, interferon-γ Interleukins (IL): interleukin-2, interleukin-12, interleukin-21 Cytokine combination strategies Cytokine combinations Cytokines + cellular therapies (e.g., IL-2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) Cytokines and chemotherapy or biologics (e.g.,…
General The lungs The bone The brain Solitary or oligometastatic lesions Metachronous metastasis and long disease-free interval of >2 years Complete resection Single organ site Good performance status (Karnofsky, ECOG,…
