Figure 50-1 Structure of IgG. Currently, fully human antibodies are being produced using two common approaches: screening recombinant antibody libraries and engineering transgenic animals to express human immunoglobulin genes. A…
ATMBRAF BRD3CBLCTNNB1EGFR FBXW7 FGFR3GOPCKEAP1 KIAA0427KRASNF1 PIK3CA PPP2R1APTEN RB1 RBM10SETD2SMAD4 SMARCA4 STK11TP53 U2AF1 ANP32CAPCBCL11ABCL2L1BRAF CDK6CDKN2ACREBBPCSMD1DDR2EGFR EYSFAM123BFBXW7 FGFR1FOXP1HLA-AHRASKEAP1 MLL2MUC16NF1 NFE2L2NOTCH1PIK3CA PTEN RB1 RELSMAD4 SMARCA4 TNFAIP3TP53 TSC1VGLL4WHSC1L1WWOX ADCY1BCLAF1C17orf108CDYLCNTNAP2COL22A1COL4A2DIP2CELAVL2GRIK3GRM8KHSRPKIF21APLSCR4RASSF8RB1 RIMS2RUNX1T1SATB2TMEM132DTP53 ZDBF2 Genes in bold…
Figure 47-1 Mechanisms of cellular drug resistance. It is likely that the rate of development of drug-resistant mutants in a cancer varies depending on the nature of the genetic instability…
Figure 31-1 The central Asian esophageal cancer belt extending from Iran to China. Modified from Kamangar F, Malekzadeh R, Dawsey SM, et al. Esophageal cancer in northeastern Iran: a review….
FLT1, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, VEGFR1; RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp; RRM2, ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2. Gene Knockout Antisense Activation of proto-oncogenes such as Ras, B-Raf, Myc, or EGFR through various mechanisms is…
Figure 19-1 Hematopoiesis Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) can self-renew or differentiate into two multipotent progenitor cell types, myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, which further differentiate to give rise to all cells…
Figure 17-1 Major events in vascular development Some of the critical signaling molecules and receptors are shown corresponding to the cells or processes in which they are known to play…
Figure 18-2 The steps of tumor invasion Tumor invasion involves the loss of cell-cell adhesions (cadherins represented by green bars), alterations in cell-matrix adhesion (integrins represented by ovals), proteolysis of…
Figure 38-1 Examples of Gleason grade 3, 4, and 5 prostate cancer. Gleason grade 3 shows well-formed, separate glands (A). Gleason grade 4 shows merging or cribriform glands (B). Gleason…
Figure 9-1 Non–genetically engineered mouse models of cancer (A,B) Mice develop tumors spontaneously or in response to carcinogen exposure. (C,D) Transplantation of human or mouse tumor cells into recipient mice…
