Hypoglycaemia in Diabetes
Fig. 34.1 Thresholds to hormonal, symptomatic and neurological responses to hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic adults (modified from Chapter 7 Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycaemia, p. 142, Fisher and Frier 2007 Hypoglycemia in…
Delayed Puberty
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (low LH and FSH) Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Delayed, but spontaneous, pubertal development Permanent idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) Hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction…
Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Non-ketotic Syndrome
Fig. 32.1 Clinical manifestations Hyperglycemia develops as a result of three processes: increased gluconeogenesis, accelerated glycogenolysis, and impaired glucose utilization by peripheral tissues. Transient insulin resistance occurs due to hormone…
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Fig. 24.1 Mechanisms of bone resorption. The stromal cells or osteoblast releases RANKL and osteoprotegerin. RANKL will bind to RANK on the surface of the osteoclast precursor, leading to fusion…
Precocious Puberty
Fig. 18.1 (a) Hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. (b) Hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis The HPG axis matures during fetal life, with gonadotropin release persisting into infancy. Peaks in gonadotropin and sex steroid levels occur between…
Evaluation of Sellar Masses
Neoplastic Cysts Inflammatory/infiltrative Vascular Pituitary adenoma Craniopharyngioma Chordoma Metastasis Meningioma Germ cell tumor Glioma Granular cell tumor (pituicytoma) Hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma Dermoid Pituitary carcinoma Rathke’s cleft cyst Arachnoid cyst Lymphocytic…
Genetic Testing in Endocrinology
Fig. 1.1 The cost of DNA sequencing The Role of Genetic Testing in the Clinic The busy practitioner is challenged on a daily basis to recognize clinical scenarios that may…
Acromegaly
Fig. 7.1 Peptide structure of Somatostatin GH secretion is also regulated by ghrelin, a growth hormone secretagogue-receptor ligand [11] that is mainly synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the stomach,…
Bariatric Surgery in Treatment of the Obese Patient with Type 2 Diabetes
Fig. 42.1 Illustration of main types of bariatric surgery currently being performed. By permission of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. All rights reserved Roux-En-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is…
Dyslipidemia
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) < 200 Desirable 200-239 Boderline high ≥240 High HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) <40 Low >60 High LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) <100 Optimal 100–129 Near optimal 130–159 Boderline high 160–189…
