Diabetic Retinopathy
Fig. 38.1 Female, Asian, 68 years old, type 2 diabetes for at least 15 years, visual acuity: 20/400 OD and 20/200 OS. The dilated eye exam revealed clinically significant diabetic…
The Diabetic Neuropathies
Sensorimotor neuropathy Distal symmetric polyneuropathy Focal neuropathy Diabetic mononeuropathy (cranial, truncal, peripheral nerves) Mononeuropathy multiplex Diabetic amyotrophy Autonomic neuropathy Hypoglycemic unawareness Abnormal pupillary function Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy Vasomotor neuropathy Sudomotor…
Cushing’s Syndrome
Fig. 9.1 Diagnostic workup in Cushing’s syndrome. ACTH adrenocorticotropin, BIPSS bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling, CRH corticotropin releasing hormone, CD cushing’s disease, CT computed tomography, ECS ectopic Cushing’s syndrome, LDDST…
Thyroid Nodules and Cancer
Benign nodular goiter Thyroiditis Cysts Primary thyroid cancer Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Hurtle cell carcinoma C-cell derived carcinoma, Medullary carcinoma Anaplastic carcinoma Metastatic Cancer Lymphoma…
Therapy with Insulin
Dose (U/kg/day) Honey-moon period <0.5 At diagnosis or after Ketoacidosis 0.5–1.0 Prepubertal 0.7–1.0 Pubertal 1.0–2.0 Sick days 1.2–1.5 Basal insulin 40–60 % Usually, in the first 6 months of…
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Drug Rationale Study design Follow-up Main Results Side effects Metformin [25] Metformin plus placebo × metformin plus exenatide Cohort. N = 150 82 weeks Lower Hba1c and weight reduction with exenatide More nausea and…
Oral Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes
Drug Daily dose Reduction in HbA1c Side effects Contraindications Metformin (500, 850, 1,000 mg. Extended-release: 500/750 mg, 1,000 mg) Initial small dose and titrate. Max 2,550 mg/day 1–2 % Nausea,…
Endocrine Hypertension
Fig. 12.1 The main components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RASS) and its physiological role in the regulatory control of blood pressure, inflammation and cardiovascular function. ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, NEP…
Osteoporosis in Men
Francisco Bandeira, Hossein Gharib, Airton Golbert, Luiz Griz and Manuel Faria (eds.)Endocrinology and Diabetes2014A Problem-Oriented Approach10.1007/978-1-4614-8684-8_25 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 25. Osteoporosis in Men Aline G. Costa1 , Natalie E. Cusano1 , Barbara C. Silva1 and John P. Bilezikian1 (1) Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Division…
Hyperprolactinemia
Fig. 6.1 Diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia algorithm Fig. 6.2 (a) Before treatment. Sellar T1-weighted MRI after gadolinium enhancement, coronal (left) and sagittal (right) depicted a sellar mass impinging optic chiasma. (b)…
