Oncohema Key

Fig. 6.1 Diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia algorithm Fig. 6.2 (a) Before treatment. Sellar T1-weighted MRI after gadolinium enhancement, coronal (left) and sagittal (right) depicted a sellar mass impinging optic chiasma. (b)…

Symptoms Circumoral and acral tingling paresthesias Increased neuromuscular irritability Tetany Muscle cramps and twitching Abdominal cramps Laryngospasm Bronchospasm Altered CNS function Seizures of all types Papilledema or pseudotumor cerebri Choreoathetoid…

Bone resorption Calcium absorption Decrease in the excretion of calcium pHPTH Malignancy Thyrotoxicosis Immobilization Milk alkali syndrome Hypervitaminosis D Granulomatous disease Chronic kidney disease Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure Thiazide…

Primary hypogonadism Congenital 1. Chromosomal disorders (a) Klinefelter syndrome and related syndromes (such as Male 46 XX) (b) Defects enzyme in the biosynthesis of testosterone (c) Myotonic dystrophy 2. Developmental…

Symptoms Prevalence Hot flashes 80–90 % Sleep disturbance 38–46 % Depression 50 % Dementia Uncertain Vaginal dryness 21–47 % Cognitive changes Uncertain Joint pain Uncertain Skin changes Uncertain Breast pain…

Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency • Acute or insidious presentation  – Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency or Addison’s disease (70 % in developed countries)  – Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome  – Metastatic deposits from lung, breast, kidney, etc….

Hyperthyroidism associated with elevated or normal thyroid radioactive iodine uptake Graves’ hyperthyroidisma Multinodular goiter or toxic adenoma TSH-producing pituitary adenomab Some cases of thyroid hormone resistance Hyperthyroidism associated with trophoblastic…

Neoplasia Vascular Pituitary adenoma Pituitary tumor apoplexy Pituitary carcinoma Sheehan’s syndrome Craniopharyngioma Intrasellar carotid artery aneurysm Pituicytoma  Fibroma Subarachnoid hemorrhage Glioma  Meningioma Ischemic stroke Paraganglioma Genetic Teratoma Combined pituitary hormone…

Drug Mechanism Inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion Amiodarone Inhibits type I and type II 5′ deiodinase, leading to decreased T3 generation from T4 Iodinated contrast agents Inhibit type…