Age Adrenals Ovaries Others Prenatal/neonatal 46,XX CCAH: Maternal androgenizing tumors Maternal drugs Prepubertal 46,XX NCCAH Adrenal adenomas Adrenal carcinomas Adrenal hyperplasia 11β-HSD1 deficiency Androgen producing tumors (sex cord stromal; gonadoblastoma) …
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Familial hypercalciuric hypercalcemia Hyperparathyroidism—jaw tumor syndrome Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism Adapted from ref. [5]…
Osteogenesis imperfecta symptoms Atypical fractures Short stature Scoliosis Blue sclera Hearing loss Dentinogenesis imperfecta Laxity of the ligaments Wormian bones Laxity of the skin The types of OI can be…
Primary short stature—Skeletal abnormalities With recognizable skeletal dysplasia (achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia) Without recognizable skeletal dysplasia (Turner syndrome, SHOX gene haploinsufficiency) Secondary short stature Malnutrition Psychosocial deprivation Chronic diseases Renal (renal failure,…
Fig. 28.1 The Pedersen Hypothesis. “Maternal hyperglycemia begets foetal macrosomia” Modified by Freinkel to include nutrients other than glucose (lipids and amino acids) Prior diagnostic pathways and nomenclature for diagnosis…
References Δt week n (P/O) Dose (mg/day) Δweight (P) Δweight (SA) Comments [55] 12 19/20 150 −2.1 kg −4.3 kg First clinical study [56] 12 39/37 30 −3.2 kg −3.6…
Etiology Prevalence (%) Laboratory screening Nonfunctional adenoma 85 Normal Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome 7 1-mg DST(serum cortisol >3 μ/dl) Plasma ACTH (<5 pg/ml) Pheocromocytoma 3.5 24-h urine metanephrines >2 mg/g Cr…
Sun-deprivation The vitamin D specifications apply to individuals with minimal or no sunlight exposure. This encompasses housebound individuals especially the frail elderly, those who practice concealment for cultural or religious…
Fig. 37.1 Preoperative clinical picture (a) of a severe diabetic foot infection including multiple anatomic compartments that required initial urgent surgical debridement followed by a revisional surgery with the use…
Albuminuria—albumin/creatinine ratio Serum creatinine aeGFR-MDRD or CKD-EPI a eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MDRD modification of diet in renal disease, CKD-EPI chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration—equation Persistent albuminuria in the…
