9Salt and Water Balance Physiology and pathophysiology Hyponatraemia Endocrine hypertension Hypernatraemia Diabetes insipidus When to involve a specialist centre Future developments Controversial points Potential pitfalls Emergencies Case histories Further Reading…
4Tall Stature Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis Assessment of the child or adolescent with tall stature Investigations Causes of tall stature Endocrine causes of tall stature Treatment of familial (constitutional) tall…
Fig. 6.1 (a, b) Flexion and extension of the ankles Fig. 6.2 (a, b) Cycling movements Fig. 6.3 (a, b) Arms up and arms down Fig. 6.4 Deep breathing Fig….
Physical modality Tissue absorption Action Infrared radiations Superficial Muscle, joint, ulcer Continuous shortwave Deep Muscle, joint Pulsed shortwave Wet, ionic Muscle, nerve, edema, hematoma Laser Superficial vascular Muscle, nerve, tendon,…
Fig. 16.1 Upper limb rigid (right) and semirigid static orthoses 16.3 Shoes and Shoe Modifications Falls in older people are often related to footwear. Foot proprioception and plantar sensitivity worsen…
Fig. 9.1 This figure shows the imbalance between the gravity center and the supporting base in older adults Moreover, flexed posture determines an overload to the lower limbs and to…
Fig. 28.1 Ultrasound image of Achilles tendon degeneration Fig. 28.2 MRI of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy and bone marrow edema of the calcaneum Several studies show that 16% of the general…
Classification according to etiology [1] Primary (congenital) lymphedema Are based on a genetic developmental disorder of lymphatic vessels and/or lymph nodes (aplasia, atresia, hypoplasia, hyperplasia, lymphangioma). They can occur in…
Fig. 32.1 YLDs (years lived with disability) related to cerebrovascular disease in elderly people in the world and YLDs per 100,000 persons related to neurological condition based on age. Source:…
Fig. 38.1 Technical aids and modified meal texture. Note that vegetables, meat, and starch are separated for better tasting Postural adaptations first concern global posture (Figs. 38.2 and 38.3). The…
