Medical Management of Obesity
References Δt week n (P/O) Dose (mg/day) Δweight (P) Δweight (SA) Comments [55] 12 19/20 150 −2.1 kg −4.3 kg First clinical study [56] 12 39/37 30 −3.2 kg −3.6…
Adrenal Incidentalomas
Etiology Prevalence (%) Laboratory screening Nonfunctional adenoma 85 Normal Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome 7 1-mg DST(serum cortisol >3 μ/dl) Plasma ACTH (<5 pg/ml) Pheocromocytoma 3.5 24-h urine metanephrines >2 mg/g Cr…
Vitamin D Deficiency
Sun-deprivation The vitamin D specifications apply to individuals with minimal or no sunlight exposure. This encompasses housebound individuals especially the frail elderly, those who practice concealment for cultural or religious…
The Diabetic Foot
Fig. 37.1 Preoperative clinical picture (a) of a severe diabetic foot infection including multiple anatomic compartments that required initial urgent surgical debridement followed by a revisional surgery with the use…
Diabetic Nephropathy
Albuminuria—albumin/creatinine ratio Serum creatinine aeGFR-MDRD or CKD-EPI a eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MDRD modification of diet in renal disease, CKD-EPI chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration—equation Persistent albuminuria in the…
Hypoglycaemia in Diabetes
Fig. 34.1 Thresholds to hormonal, symptomatic and neurological responses to hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic adults (modified from Chapter 7 Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycaemia, p. 142, Fisher and Frier 2007 Hypoglycemia in…
Delayed Puberty
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (low LH and FSH) Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Delayed, but spontaneous, pubertal development Permanent idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) Hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction…
Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Non-ketotic Syndrome
Fig. 32.1 Clinical manifestations Hyperglycemia develops as a result of three processes: increased gluconeogenesis, accelerated glycogenolysis, and impaired glucose utilization by peripheral tissues. Transient insulin resistance occurs due to hormone…
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Fig. 24.1 Mechanisms of bone resorption. The stromal cells or osteoblast releases RANKL and osteoprotegerin. RANKL will bind to RANK on the surface of the osteoclast precursor, leading to fusion…
Precocious Puberty
Fig. 18.1 (a) Hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. (b) Hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis The HPG axis matures during fetal life, with gonadotropin release persisting into infancy. Peaks in gonadotropin and sex steroid levels occur between…
