Fig. 2.1 Schematic drawing of the inflammatory microenvironment in gastrointestinal tumors. The cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2/prostaglandin (PG) E2 pathway is important for the development and maintenance of the inflammatory microenvironment, including bone…
Fig. 8.1 Structure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome and viral proteins. Upon infection, uncoated viral RNA is directly translated into a precursor protein through an internal ribosome entry site…
Fig. 5.1 Schematic structures of human TBK1-associated protein in the endolysosomes (TAPE), mouse TAPE and Drosophila Lethal (2) giant discs (Lgd). The identity and similarity of the amino acid sequence…
Fig. 9.1 Cross-talk between hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) induces macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β expression. (a) Hepatocytes or HCV-infected hepatocytes were cultured alone or in…
Fig. 16.1 The altered peptide/major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHCI) repertoire caused by antigen-processing defect (APD). In ERAAP-deficient or tapasin-deficient cells, the total amount of pMHCI on the cell surface…
Diseases Number of patients Results Effect of apilimod on cytokine production Ref. Crohn’s disease 73 Significant Burakoff et al. (2006) Crohn’s disease Significant Billich (2007) Crohn’s disease 220 Not significant …
Fig. 13.1 Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell-mediated adjuvant effects on T cells are dependent on the innate immunity. Intravenously administered artificial adjuvant vector cells (aAVCs) are killed by iNKT…
Peptide dose Number of cases RECIST evaluationa Decreased tumor marker PIVKA-II CTL frequencyb 0.3 mg 8 SD 3, PD 5 0/8 (0 %) 7.5 1.0 mg 6 SD 4, PD…
Fig. 7.1 Classification of CLRs by intracellular signaling motifs. Representative CLRs are classified based on their intracellular signaling motifs: ITAM-containing receptors (such as Dectin-1, CLEC2, CLEC9A, and SIGN-R3), adaptor-recruiting receptors…
Year Author No. of patients Setting for DCs Responses 2002 Ladhams et al. 2 GM-CSF/IL-4 DC + tumor 1/2 inhibition of tumor growth 2003 Iwashita et al. 10 GM-CSF/IL-4 DC + tumor lysate + TNF-α + KLH 1/10…
