Fig. 23.1 Novel immune agents targeting immune signaling. MDX-1106 is a monoclonal antibody with affinity for PD-1. Binding of PD-1 on the T-cell surface to PD-L1/2 on the antigen-presenting cell…

Fig. 18.1 Structure of mTOR. The amino terminal contains tandem HEAT repeats and a FAT domain of unclear function. The kinase domain lies on the carboxy terminal of mTOR and…

Author Follow-up (years) Approach Patients Tumor size (cm) Primary effectiveness (%) Secondary effectiveness (%) DFS (5-year %) OS (5-year %) CSS (5-year %) Ma et al. [86] 5 (median) Mix…

Fig. 10.1 Combined analysis of overall survival in the EORTC 30947 and SWOG 8949 trials. Median overall survival is 7.8 months in the observation group (O=interferon monotherapy) versus 13.6 months…

Fig. 9.1 Risk assessment algorithm for a patient with newly diagnosed localized renal cell carcinoma. Assessing risk occurs throughout the continuum of patient care. Risk assessment during initial evaluation requires…

Interferons (INF): interferon-α, interferon-β, interferon-γ Interleukins (IL): interleukin-2, interleukin-12, interleukin-21 Cytokine combination strategies  Cytokine combinations  Cytokines + cellular therapies (e.g., IL-2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes)  Cytokines and chemotherapy or biologics (e.g.,…

General The lungs The bone The brain Solitary or oligometastatic lesions Metachronous metastasis and long disease-free interval of >2 years Complete resection Single organ site Good performance status (Karnofsky, ECOG,…

Fig. 3.1 Control of HIF activity. Steady-state levels of HIFα are controlled by its rate of synthesis and degradation. The former is regulated by the TORC1 complex, which contains the…