Bowel Symptoms in Relation to Colorectal Cancer
Symptom DOR (95% CI) AUC Sensitivity (95% CI) 1-specificity (95% CI) LR+ (95% CI) LR− (95% CI) Rectal bleedinga 2.6 (1.9–3.6) p < 0.001 0.66 0.46 (0.38–0.55) 0.25 (0.19–0.31) 1.9 (1.5–2.3) 0.7…
ONCOLOGY
The Psychological Implications of Diagnostic Delay in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Prediagnostic variables Psychological effect Length of time Prolongs period of anxiety and poor quality of life among both people found to have cancer and those with benign disease. Increased number…
Faecal Immunochemical Tests (FIT) for Haemoglobin for Timely Assessment of Patients with Symptoms of Colorectal Disease
Author, reference, country Analytical system Invitation strategy Number with faecal haemoglobin concentration and endoscopy data Recruitment from primary/secondary care McDonald et al., [51], Scotland OC-Sensor Phone call of invitation by…
The 2015 World Health Organisation Classification of Lung Cancer
Fig. 5.1 Lepidic pattern adenocarcinoma. Tumour cells line intact, pre-existing alveolar walls. A lesion comprising only this pattern of tumour is adenocarcinoma in situ. This pattern is also common at…
Precursor and Preinvasive Lesions
Fig. 17.1 Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia: Bronchiolar epithelium is undermined by a uniform proliferation of round to oval neuroendocrine cells, without stromal invasion Fig. 17.2 Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. Proliferations of cells can be…
Biology of Lung Cancer Metastases
Fig. 16.1 A primary lung cancer (left panel) involving the lung of a non-smoker patient treated for recurrent NSCLC with multiple cycles of chemotherapy and radiation. The patient had involvement…
Immunohistochemistry of Lung Cancer Biomarkers
Fig. 9.1 Immunohistochemical staining for ALK is typically diffuse with granular cytoplasmic staining (ALK D5F3, 200×). Image courtesy of Dr. Natasha Rekhtman c-ros Oncogene 1 (ROS1) The prevalence of patients…
Translocation Testing of Lung Cancer Biomarkers
Fig. 8.1 (a) Fusion probe FISH assay negative for translocation (“split signal”). (b) Fusion probe FISH assay positive for translocation (“fusion signal”) Fig. 8.2 (a) Break-apart probe FISH assay negative…
Mutations as Predictive Biomarkers for Adenocarcinoma
Fig. 11.1 Molecular landscape of lung adenocarcinoma. Estimation of mutation prevalence is based on targeted next generation sequencing of lung adenocarcinomas performed at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Dana–Farber Cancer…
Immunotherapy and Lung Cancer: Programmed Death 1 and Its Ligand as a Target for Therapy
Drug Drug specificity Cut-offs used in trialsa Unless stated, these represent % tumour cells stained: cell membrane staining PD-L1 immunohistochemistry primary antibody clone Complementary or companion diagnostic test Staining platform…
