Polyuria and Polydipsia
Serum/plasma Spot urine 24-h urine Osmolality (mOsmol/kg) 298 86 – Sodium (mmol/L) 147 16 114 Potassium (mmol/L) 4.1 3 21 Urea (mmol/L) 2.5 30 215 Creatinine (μmol/L) 58 1.9…
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Hypertension in Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome
Fig. 3.1 Diagnostic workup for patients with Cushing’s syndrome. Modified from Melcescu, Koch. Testing for endocrine hypertension, Chapter 7, In: Leslie De Groot, editor, online http:// www.endotext.org; 2012 Ectopic ACTH…
Pheochromocytoma: Unmasking the Chameleon
Fig. 7.1 A 23-year-old female who presented with severe left flank pain with normal blood pressure. Biochemical testing revealed elevated plasma and urine normetanephrine levels. Anatomic imaging showed the following…
Primary Generalized Familial and Sporadic Glucocorticoid Resistance (Chrousos Syndrome) and Hypersensitivity
Fig. 4.1 (a) Schematic representation of the structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene. Alternative splicing of the primary transcript gives rise to the two mRNA and protein isoforms,…
Hypertension in Growth Hormone Excess and Deficiency
References No. cases Prevalence (%) Measurement Criteria for hypertension (mmHg) Nabarro [123] 256 30.5 Clinical Not known Rodrigues et al. [24] 34 26 Clinical 160/95 Kraatz et al. [23] 158…
Primary Aldosteronism: Progress in Diagnosis, Therapy, and Genetics
Unilateral forms of PA (surgically treatable) Aldosterone-producing adenoma 30–40% Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia <5% Aldosterone-producing carcinoma Rare Bilateral forms of PA (medically treated) Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia 60–70% Familial hyperaldosteronism type I…
Testosterone Deficiency or Male Hypogonadism
Fig. 11.1 The frailty cycle. Modified from ref. [21] Such chronic diseases are mainly atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Thus, in view of the multifactorial origin of aging symptoms, effects…
Obesity-Associated Hypertension
Fig. 13.1 Putative mechanisms for development of obesity-hypertension (OH) Table 13.1 Mechanical and humoral factors implicated in OH Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance Chronic noninfective inflammation Chronic adipocytokinemia (elevated local adipose…
Syndromes of Mineralocorticoid Excess
Common conditions with low renin concentrations Mineralocorticoid excess Primary aldosteronism (see Chap. 1) Cushing’s Syndrome (see Chap. 3) Glucocorticoid/cortisol resistance (see Chap. 4) Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome Licorice or carbenoxolone…
Adrenal Incidentalomas and Arterial Hypertension
Fig. 6.1 Computerized tomography of a benign adrenocortical adenoma of the left adrenal (arrow). Reprinted with permission from Androulakis et al. [19] Arterial hypertension (AH) is a prevailing, but not…
