Ovulatory disorders Hypothalamic/pituitary failure Hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction Ovarian failure Tubal damage Previous pelvic/abdominal surgery Past peritonitis Past Pelvic infections Endometriosis Congenital abnormalities Uterine or peritoneal disorders Fibroids Endometrial polyps Endometriosis Modifiable…
MEN 2A MEN 2B MTC (100 %) MTC (100 %) Phaeochromocytoma (50 %) Phaeochromocytoma (50 %) Parathyroid adenoma (25 %) Mucosal neuromas: tongue/lips (95 %) Typical facies: swollen lips/thick eyelids…
Low PTH High PTH Others Destruction of parathyroid glands by surgery or radioactive iodine Vitamin D deficiency or resistance Hypomagnesaemia Autoimmune destruction of parathyroid glands Chronic kidney disease Drugs Irradiation…
Results Normal range 24 h urinary free cortisol 564 nmol/day (vol 1.62 L) <147 nmol/day 24 h urinary free cortisol 489 nmol/day (vol 1.93 L) <147 nmol/day 1 mg…
Fig. 8.1 Pre-operative MRI pituitary. Pre-contrast T1 weighted images in the coronal (a) and sagittal (b) plain show a homogenous mass arising from the pituitary fossa and invading the left…
Fig. 14.1 Pathways of steroid metabolism. A block due to deficiency of 21-hydroxylase causes accumulation of precursors (17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone) and deficiency of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Classical 21-Hydroxylase…
Differential diagnoses Hirsutism and/or hyperandrogenaemia Oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea Distinctive characteristics Clinical features Laboratory tests Hyperprolactinaemia; prolactinoma Mild or absent Present Galactorrhoea; macroprolactinomas may cause visual disturbances headache, cranial nerve palsies…
Features due to glucocorticoid insufficiency Weakness Malaise Weight loss Nausea and vomiting Hypoglycaemia Myalgia Anaemia Features due to mineralocorticoid insufficiency Hypotension Dehydration Hyponatraemia Features due to reduced adrenal androgens Decreased…
Fig. 2.1 Chest x-ray on admission to accident and emergency ECG: rate 50/min regular, flat T waves in III, AVF, V4–6. Urgent CT-head, no abnormality detected. Comment on Her FBC…
Test, units Result Reference range TSH, mIU/l <0.02 0.27–4.2 FreeT4, pmol/l 48 12–22 FreeT3, pmol/l 12.6 3.1–6.8 TRAb, IU/l 7.2 ≤0.9 How would you manage this case? She wants to…
