36.1 Introduction Bone mass, a composite measure of bone size and mineral density, is a determinant of bone strength and acquired during skeletal growth and development. Although up to 85%…
76.1 Introduction Teriparatide (TPTD), the aminoterminal (1-34)parathyroid hormone (PTH) peptide, is a proremodeling anabolic agent. When administered by daily subcutaneous injection, it first stimulates bone formation (primarily modeling based) and…
82.1 Introduction The primary goal of osteoporosis treatment is the prevention of fragility fractures, and several treatments have been shown to reduce this risk within 1 year for vertebral fractures,…
80.1 Introduction Sclerostin is an osteocyte glycoprotein that was originally discovered in the rare genetic diseases of sclerosteosis and Van Buchem disease, both characterized by the absence of the sclerostin…
58.1 Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell dyscrasia and the second most frequent hematologic malignancy, with an incidence of 5.85/100,000 adults in Western countries and a 5-year…
66.1 Introduction Osteoporosis is defined as a state of reduced bone mass and bone strength which leads to a higher than normal risk of fracture . This results in a…
64.1 Introduction Low-trauma fractures are considered as the clinical significance of bone fragility, classically named osteoporosis. They are defined as fractures resulting from a fall from standing height or less,…
Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL). Its development followed the discovery and description of the central role of the RANKL–RANK pathway…
Guidelines for the management of osteoporosis often include recommendations related to exercise or physical therapy interventions . Historically, the emphasis has primarily been on “weight-bearing” exercise because the impact was…
51.1 Introduction 51.1.1 Obesity epidemic Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excess weight and body fat, which stems from an interplay between heritable, metabolic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Obesity…
