All about dexamethasone testing in Cushing’s syndrome
Introduction There are more than 60 years since Liddle first used dexamethasone, one of the most potent synthetic glucocorticoids, at a dose of 0.5 mg every 6 hours for 2…
Nonneoplastic hypercortisolism (pseudo-CS): Causes and long-term issues
Introduction Endogenous hypercortisolism is one of the most challenging diagnostic problems in clinical endocrinology. Chronic hypercortisolism, responsible for Cushing’s syndrome (CS), is usually of neoplastic origin and secondary to autonomous…
Cushing’s disease: Pituitary tumors causing CS—Diagnosis and treatment
Introduction Cushing’s disease (CD) is the most common form of endogenous hypercortisolism and is characterized by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma, with corticotroph tumors representing up to 15% of…
Factitious Cushing syndrome and factitious Cushing syndrome-by-proxy: Cases, diagnosis, and outcomes
Introduction This chapter will provide a broad overview about factitious disorder or factitious disorder imposed on another (i.e., by proxy) to raise awareness about this rare disorder in patients evaluated…
Exogenous (iatrogenic) Cushing syndrome: Most frequent uses of glucocorticoids and outcomes, including recommendations for recovery (postchemotherapy, asthma treatments, chronic use on rheumatoid, and/or skeletal disorders)
Introduction Due to their strong antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive actions, glucocorticoids (GCs) are one of the cornerstone treatments for the first-line therapy of various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. However, notwithstanding their…
Animal models of CS: What do they teach us?
Introduction Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome (CS), or hypercortisolism, is a rare medical condition (up to 10 per million) caused by glucocorticoid excess [ ]. This condition may be difficult to recognize…
Identification of Cushing’s syndrome (CS) and its history from Harvey Cushing to today
Introduction The history of Cushing’s syndrome (CS) dates back to the late 1800s when the first cases were reported, even though they were not recognized as such at the time….
Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome: Causes and genetics
Disclosure Statement CT received research funding on treatment of abnormal growth hormone secretion by Pfizer. CF has nothing to disclose. Introduction Cushing’s syndrome (CS) refers to exposure of the body…
Immune Landscape of Gastrointestinal Malignancy
Immune Landscape of Gastrointestinal Malignancy Maggie Phillips Gregory B. Lesinski Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) tumors harbor a series of distinct immunologic features and are comprised of heterogeneous immune cell populations. The…
Liquid Biopsies in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Liquid Biopsies in Gastrointestinal Cancers Shalini Makawita Arvind Dasari Introduction In this section we will discuss liquid biopsies, specifically pertaining to cell-free DNA (cfDNA) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and…
