Breast Carcinogenesis
Etiology, Assessing Risk, Initial Evaluation, and Management: Introduction Print Section Listen Breast cancer is an important health care problem since it is the most frequently occurring cancer (1 out of…
Polyclonal Polycythemias (Primary and Secondary)
INTRODUCTION Polycythemia, also referred to as erythrocytosis, is characterized by an increased red cell mass. There is no consensus on terminology (ie, primary familial polycythemia but postrenal transplantation erythrocytosis). Polycythemias…
Fragmentation Hemolytic Anemia
DEFINITION Acquired erythrocyte fragmentation occurs when red cells are forced at high shear stress through partial vascular occlusions or over abnormal vascular surfaces. In circumstances in which fragmentation of red…
Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Three mechanisms of drug-related immunologic injury to red cells are defined: — Hapten/drug adsorption involving drug-dependent antibodies — Ternary complex formation involving drug-dependent antibodies — Induction of…
Hemolytic Anemia Resulting from Infectious Agents
INTRODUCTION Hemolysis represents a prominent part of the overall clinical picture in many infections. Table 21–1 lists the microorganisms associated with the induction of hemolytic anemia. TABLE 21–1ORGANISMS THAT CAUSE…
Hypersplenism and Hyposplenism
THE SPLEEN The white pulp (lymphoid tissue) functions in antigen processing and antibody production. The red pulp (monocyte-macrophage system) serves as a filter, retaining defective blood cells and foreign particles….
Head and Neck Reconstruction
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Epidemiology Cancer of the head and neck is still a significant problem worldwide. Head and neck tumors are strongly associated with a history of smoking and…
Skin Reduction Mastectomy with Reconstruction
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) has emerged as an oncologically safe approach to early-stage breast cancer and prophylactic mastectomies.1,2 This technique improves aesthetic outcomes by preserving the maximum…
Principles of Skin Grafting and Flaps
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen The grafting of skin originated among the tile-maker caste in India approximately 3000 years ago.1 In 1804, an Italian surgeon, Baronio, successfully performed a full-thickness skin…
