Multiple myeloma and related disorders compose a spectrum of diseases that are characterized by the autonomous proliferation of differentiated lymphoid cells and plasma cells whose physiologic function is to secrete…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The adrenal gland is composed of a cortex and medulla that have different embryologic origins. ▴ The adrenal cortex arises from the coelomic mesoderm between…
Sarcomas Sarcomas are a complex and heterogeneous family of malignancies of mesenchymal origin. As opposed to carcinomas, which represent malignancies of epithelial tissues, sarcomas are neoplastic disorders that differentiate into…
Esophageal Cancers The prevalence of esophageal cancer varies over 20-fold throughout the world. Esophageal cancer is most common in central Asia and remains relatively rare in the United States. Approximately…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy Surgical Landmarks ♦ When planning the skin incision, the most important landmarks are the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage (which will help define the midline)…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy Thyroid ♦ The thyroid consists of two lobes joined by an isthmus. The normal weight of the adult gland is approximately 20 grams. Each lobe has…
The incidence of cancer in childhood is quite rare compared with the incidence in adults; approximately 6500 new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. Nevertheless, cancer remains…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The adrenal glands lie partially anterior, superior, and medial to the renal upper poles. The caudal limb of the left adrenal lies in close proximity…
Step 1 Indications for Surgical Therapy ♦ Thyroidectomy is the most common endocrine operation performed, and nodular thyroid disease is the most common endocrine disorder. ♦ Nodular thyroid disease affects…
Step 1 Surgical Anatomy ♦ The pancreas is located in the lesser sac, with its anterior surface in the peritoneum and its posterior surface in the retroperitoneum. It is divided…
