Adrenocortical Carcinoma
FIGURE 106-1. CT after contrast media of 8.5 cm in homogeneous ACC of the left adrenal gland (white arrow) and liver metastases (black arrows). (Image provided by W. Kenn, Dept….
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
FIGURE 154-1. Dysdifferentiation results in aberrant gene expression. The malignant transformation of a progenitor cell results in a clonal population of cells that have undergone atypical differentiation. These cells share…
Glucocorticoid Therapy
FIGURE 100-1. The structures of commonly used glucocorticoids. In the depiction of cortisol, the 21 carbon atoms of the glucocorticoid skeleton are indicated by numbers, and the four rings are…
Diabetic Foot and Vascular Complications
FIGURE 55-1. Pathophysiology of the diabetic foot leading to vascular complications. (Modified from LoGerfo FW: Bypass grafts to the dorsalis pedis artery. In Whittemore AD, Bandyk DF, Cronenwett JL, Hertzer…
Aldosterone: Secretion and Action
FIGURE 99-1. Interacting feedback loops controlling aldosterone secretion. Volume is regulated through the renin-angiotensin system, and potassium is regulated through direct feedback. A-I, Angiotensin I; A-II, angiotensin II; BP, blood…
Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
With respect to fasting, premeal, or postprandial targets, there is little support for any particular level of glycemic control in the management of type 2 diabetes insofar as no large-scale…
Genetic Defects in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Action
In the remaining 15% of cases, the disease is caused by inborn errors in the molecular steps required for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, and generally it is characterized by…
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Mutations
FIGURE 91-1. Schematic representation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor. A, The locations of known activating mutations are indicated.B, The nature of the mutations is indicated along with their origins…
Ovulation Induction and Assisted Reproduction
FIGURE 133-1. Distribution of normogonadotrophic oligomenorrheic and amenorrheic infertile women who do or do not ovulate after clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment in incremental daily doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg…
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
RET STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The RET gene consists of over 20 exons spanning a minimum of 30 kilobases of genomic DNA. The protein product of the gene encodes a cell…
