Screening tool, URL Risk factors Outputs SCORE (Simple Calculated Risk Estimation Score) [19] • Age, weight, previous fracture, estrogen use, rheumatoid arthritis, race • Risk score for femoral neck T-scores ≤ −2.0…
Fig. 10.1 Image of the Reference Point Indentation (RPI) Instrument, the first microindentation device to be utilized in human subjects for the measurement of indices of bone material properties in…
Fig. 11.1 HR-pQCT. (a) Demonstrates the correct patient positioning for a lower extremity scan. The patient’s lower extremity is immobilized through a carbon fiber cast and is anchored in the…
Fig. 4.1 General classification of hip fractures The overall incidence of femoral neck fractures in the USA is between 0.4 and 1.0 % [15, 16], and the estimated cost of…
Fig. 8.1 Diabetes significantly affects osteoblast activity at multiple levels. Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into pre-osteoblasts or pre-adipocytes as well as other cell types. Runx2 is expressed when mesenchymal…
Fig. 7.1 Schematic representation of coupling between osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast development and function. MSC mesenchymal stem cells, HSC hematopoietic stem cells Three types of cells are involved in bone…
Fig. 2.1 Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of hip fracture in case–control and cohort studies. Each square shows the study-specific relative risk (RR) estimate (the size of…
Fig. 5.1 (Right side) Healthy periodontal tissue. (Left half side) Effects of periodontitis with subgingival bacterial plaque formation, gingival tissue inflammation, periodontal attachment loss, periodontal pocket formation, and alveolar bone…
Fig. 6.1 Histomorphometric changes in bone formation. (a, b) Tetracycline double-labeled bone biopsies in a 58-year-old T2D Caucasian woman (a) and a 57-year-old Caucasian female control (b). Bone formation is…
Authors Years Locations Study methods N (F, M) Age at enroll (years) Fracture sites RR [OR]a Associations, impact of comorbidities CGC Zhukouskaya [51] 2013 Belarus Case–control 82/82 F + M 20–55 Vertebral…
