Historical Introduction to Vaccines At the end of 2019, a novel human pathogen was first identified in China and resulted in a pandemic that posed the greatest infectious threat that…
Factors That Affect Therapy for Treatment of COVID-19 Symptoms Symptoms of COVID-19 are many , ; some of them are as mild as those of normal influenza and others quite…
Evolution of Therapeutic Approaches The deadly novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread like wildfire across the entire world in the…
OUTLINE Epidemiology of Cardiac Injury From COVID-19, 137 History of Cardiovascular Effects From SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, 138 Pathophysiology and Potential Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Injury From COVID-19, 138 Renin-Angiotensin System, 138…
Coronavirus Infections in Children and Adolescents Coronaviruses are enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses comprising four genera: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. They infect humans and animals and were first described in…
OUTLINE Introduction, 268 Clinical Manifestations, 268 History, 269 Physical Examination, 269 Pulmonary, 269 Ear, Nose, and Throat, 269 Neurological, 269 Gastrointestinal, 269 Diagnostic Workup and Investigation, 269 Laboratory Evaluation, 269…
Introduction Neuropsychiatric sequelae of viral infections have been described in the literature and are well known from studies of influenza pandemics , , human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, and viral…
History of Perinatal Coronavirus Infections Before the worldwide pandemic, data on coronavirus infection in pregnancy were limited despite two previous large epidemics. A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis found only…
Introduction and Historical Perspectives In late December 2019, an ophthalmologist named Li Wenliang sent a message to a group of fellow physicians in Wuhan, China, warning them of an emerging…
OUTLINE Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms, 191 Implications of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in COVID-19, 191 Mechanism on How SARS-CoV-2 Affects Gut Health, 192 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 Receptor Mechanism, 192 Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Gut…
