Clostridioides difficileinfection
Clostridioides difficile , formerly knowns as Clostridium difficile, is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacillus, with a spore phase that prolongs survival in the environment. Ingestion of spores that are resistant to…
Gastrointestinal viruses
Diarrheal disease is the second most common cause of death in children younger than 5 years worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In the United States, viruses are…
Strongyloides, cryptosporidium, and other parasitic infections
Parasitic infections are an uncommon but potentially important cause of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing solid organ transplantation (SOT). Although few data have been published relating to parasitic infections…
Pneumocystispneumonia
Epidemiology and risk factors Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii ) is an infrequent though potentially deadly cause of fungal pneumonia ( P. jirovecii pneumonia [PJP]) in immunocompromised patients. P. jirovecii…
Nocardiaand actinomyces
Nocardia Epidemiology and risk factors Nocardia species are a heterogeneous group of ubiquitous aerobic, gram-positive filamentous organisms that reside in soil and decaying organic matter and are associated with an…
Toxoplasma gondii
Epidemiology and risk factors Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals, including mammals and birds. Transmission of T. gondii…
BK and other polyomavirus associated diseases in children
Polyomavirus (PyV) infections were first described in mice in 1952 as a cause of tumors in newborn animals. Since then, PyVs have been found in virtually all vertebrates, including primates,…
Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis are the most common endemic mycoses in North America. Their geographic distribution encompasses close to two-thirds of the United States and parts of Canada, Mexico, Central…
Cryptococcosis and other rare invasive yeasts infections
The vast majority of invasive yeast infections in organ transplant recipients and patients with malignancy are caused by Candida species. However, a variety of other yeasts are important opportunistic pathogens…
Candidiasis
The Candida genus represents a group of more than 200 species present in both human flora and the environment. Of these, approximately 20 have been implicated in human disease. Typically,…
