Thyroid Incidentalomas
Fig. 11.1 Incidentally discovered thyroid nodule of the right thyroid gland during carotid Doppler ultrasonography Older studies report that neck US detects incidentalomas with a prevalence of 10–30% [23–25]. However,…
Fine-Needle Aspiration for Thyroid Nodules
Fig. 6.1 Needle placement into the solid portion of a partially cystic thyroid nodule during FNA Setup The setup for FNA includes preparation of the ultrasound probe for use. There…
Minimally Invasive Treatments for Thyroid Nodules
Fig. 13.1 Percutaneous ethanol injection. (a) US scan of the left thyroid lobe. The presence of a large thyroid cyst, relapsing after a former percutaneous drainage. Benign cytology. (b) Thyroid…
History and Examination for Thyroid Nodules
Fig. 2.1 The thyroid gland is inferior to the thyroid cartilage anterior to the tracheal rings. A pyramidal lobe is seen in approximately 50% of the population [5] Postpartum :…
Thyroxine Therapy for Thyroid Nodules
Study Study design Number of subjects % Response treatment group % Response in placebo group Significance Gharib et al. (1987) Prospective randomized double blind 53 14 20 NS Reverter et…
Molecular Markers and Thyroid Nodule Evaluation
Fig. 8.1 Management of a thyroid nodule based on fine needle aspiration biopsy results. (a) Historical management decisions for thyroid nodules: fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy provides a thyroid tissue…
Laboratory Evaluation for Thyroid Nodules
Fig. 3.1 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus which stimulates thyrotropin-secreting hormone (TSH); TSH secretion by the pituitary gland stimulates thyroid hormone production. The thyroid gland produces thyroxine…
Epidemiology of Thyroid Nodules
Investigation Number of subjects Age (years) Iodine deficient Prevalence (%) Country Laurberg et al. (1998) [4] 423 100 68 66–70 Yes No 12 (female) 2 (female) Denmark Laurberg et al….
Personalised management
6 Personalised management Optimal management of individuals with type 2 diabetes involves complex decision-making to achieve and maintain control of blood glucose as well as other risk factors. The blueprint…
Challenges to glycaemic control
2 Challenges to glycaemic control Achieving and maintaining adequate glycaemic control remains a challenge in many people with type 2 diabetes. The most recent National Institute for Health and Care…
