Advantages and disadvantages of new therapies
4 Advantages and disadvantages of new therapies Efficacy based on haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) lowering and tolerability are no longer the only criteria for the success of a new drug for…
Barriers to adherence and their solutions
3 Barriers to adherence and their solutions Management plans in type 2 diabetes may have many components, which may be extremely challenging. These include dietary and physical activity recommendations, administration…
Type 2 diabetes: epidemiology, complications and costs
1 Type 2 diabetes: epidemiology, complications and costs EPIDEMIOLOGY Changes in lifestyle over the past century have resulted in a dramatic increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes worldwide….
Organisation of diabetes care
7 Organisation of diabetes care ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE TEAM IN MULTI-PROFESSIONAL CARE An important consequence of a chronic condition such as type 2 diabetes is that it is…
Regulation of Adrenal Steroidogenesis
Fig. 2.1 Steroid biosynthetic pathways in the human adrenal cortex. Shown are enzymes (underlined) and intermediates in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone is the preferred substrate for the…
Diagnosis and Management of Primary Aldosteronism
Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA)—30% of cases Bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia (IHA)—60% of cases Primary (unilateral) adrenal hyperplasia—2% of cases Aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma—<1% of cases Familial hyperaldosteronism (FH) Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (FH type 1)—<1%…
Autoimmune Addison’s Disease: Genetic Aetiology and Pathophysiology
Gene or marker Population Number of patients Odds ratio P value MHC loci HLA-B*08 Norway [66] 414 2.6 4 × 10−11 HLA-DR3-DQ2 Norway [67] 94 3.6 <10−7 HLA-DR3-DQ2 Finland, Russia, Estonia [68]…
Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma: Update on Diagnosis and Management
Symptoms Frequency Signs Frequency Headache ++++ Hypertension ++++ Palpitations +++ – Sustained ++ Sweating +++ – Paroxysmal ++ Anxiety/nervousness ++ Tachycardia or reflex bradycardia +++ Abdominal/chest pain ++ Sweating/diaphoresis +++ Nausea ++…
Diagnosis and Management of Adrenal Insufficiency
Primary Genetic disorders Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Adrenoleukodystrophy ACTH resistance syndromes ACTH insensitivity: familial glucocorticoid deficiency, triple-A syndrome Adrenal hypoplasia congenita Other transcription factors: SF1 (NR5A1) Drug induced Adrenostatic/adrenolytic: etomidate, ketoconazole,…
