T-Cell Antigen Receptors
T-Cell Antigen Receptors Mark M. Davis Yueh-Hsiu Chien T-lymphocytes expressing αβ or γδ T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) are found together with B-lymphocytes in all but the most primitive vertebrate animals….
B-Lymphocyte Responses
B-Lymphocyte Responses Michael McHeyzer-Williams INTRODUCTION B-lymphocyte responses provide the effective and longlasting immune protection induced by most vaccines in use today. We measure antibody molecules as the circulating agent of…
B-Lymphocyte Receptors, Signaling Mechanisms, and Activation
B-Lymphocyte Receptors, Signaling Mechanisms, and Activation Akanksha Chaturvedi Angel Davey Wanli Liu Hae Won Sohn Susan K. Pierce INTRODUCTION The primary function of mature B lymphocytes in response to foreign…
B-Lymphocyte Development and Biology
B-Lymphocyte Development and Biology Richard R. Hardy INTRODUCTION B lymphocytes constitute one of the major arms of the immune system, being responsible for humoral immunity. B cells in humans and…
Antigen-Antibody Interactions and Monoclonal Antibodies
Antigen-Antibody Interactions and Monoclonal Antibodies Jay A. Berzofsky Ira J. Berkower INTRODUCTION The basic principles of antigen-antibody interaction are those of any bimolecular reaction. Moreover, the binding of antigen by…
Immunoglobulins: Molecular Genetics
Immunoglobulins: Molecular Genetics Edward E. Max Sebastian Fugmann INTRODUCTION To respond to a foreign molecule (antigen) on an invading pathogen, the “humoral” immune system generates antibodies, or immunoglobulins (Igs), that…
Immunoglobulins: Structure and Function
Immunoglobulins: Structure and Function Harry W. Schroeder Jr David Wald Neil S. Greenspan INTRODUCTION Immunoglobulins (Igs) are marked by a duality of structure and function.1 In common with other members…
Evolution of the Immune System
Evolution of the Immune System Martin F. Flajnik Louis Du Pasquier INTRODUCTION Defense mechanisms are found in all living things, even bacteria, where they are surprisingly elaborate. Although new adaptive…
Lymphoid Tissues and Organs
Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Eitan M. Akirav Noelia Alonso-Gonzalez Lucy A. Truman Nancy H. Ruddle INTRODUCTION The mammalian immune system defends against invading pathogens, by both the innate and adaptive…
History of Immunology
History of Immunology Steven Greenberg INTRODUCTION There comes a time during every argument at which the two opposing parties reach a critical juncture: either resolution or impasse. Variations on this…
