The Immune Response to Parasites
The Immune Response to Parasites Thomas A. Wynn David L. Sacks Alan Sher Eleanor M. Riley PARASITES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Distinct Features and Global Health Importance of Parasitic Pathogens…
Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Judy Lieberman INTRODUCTION The most effective way the immune system can control the threats of intracellular infection and cellular transformation is by destroying infected and cancerous cells.1,2,3,4,5,6,7 When…
Complement
Complement B. Paul Morgan DEFINITIONS AND HISTORY Complement comprises a set of proteins present in plasma and other biological fluids, and on cell membranes, that together play key homeostatic roles…
Neurophysiologic Reflex Mechanisms in Immunology
Neurophysiologic Reflex Mechanisms in Immunology Sangeeta S. Chavan Kevin J. Tracey INTRODUCTION A fundamental principle in biology is that organ function is maintained within a narrow physiologic range, one optimal…
The Mucosal Immune System
The Mucosal Immune System Yasmine Belkaid INTRODUCTION Most antigens encountered by the immune system enter the body through the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), and urogenital tracts, and…
Regulatory/Suppressor T Cells
Regulatory/Suppressor T Cells Ethan M. Shevach INTRODUCTION T cells are crucial in the immune response because they can function as both effector cells in cell-mediated responses and as helper cells…
Immunologic Tolerance
Immunologic Tolerance Christopher C. Goodnow Pamela S. Ohashi INTRODUCTION How the immune system tolerates molecules that are part of our body yet mounts a destructive response against molecules that are…
Immunologic Memory
Immunologic Memory Shane Crotty Susan M. Kaech Stephen P. Schoenberger MEMORY AS A BIOLOGIC CONCEPT The Protected State Yet it was with those who had recovered from the disease that…
Programmed Cell Death
Programmed Cell Death Andrew L. Snow Michael J. Lenardo INTRODUCTION Nontransformed cells have a finite lifespan. After a characteristic number of divisions, cells generally undergo senescence, stop dividing, and subsequently…
Helper T-Cell Differentiation and Plasticity
Helper T-Cell Differentiation and Plasticity John J. O’Shea INTRODUCTION Cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells are critical for the elimination of microbial pathogens, but different types of microbes demand distinct…
