Material Properties of Diabetic Bone
Fig. 9.1 The ability of bone to resist fracture depends on each level of organizational hierarchy from the triple helix of collagen being cross-linked (left) and filled with mineral crystals…
Fracture Risk Assessment in Diabetes
Screening tool, URL Risk factors Outputs SCORE (Simple Calculated Risk Estimation Score) [19] • Age, weight, previous fracture, estrogen use, rheumatoid arthritis, race • Risk score for femoral neck T-scores ≤ −2.0…
Bone Quality in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Fig. 10.1 Image of the Reference Point Indentation (RPI) Instrument, the first microindentation device to be utilized in human subjects for the measurement of indices of bone material properties in…
Imaging of Diabetic Bone Structure
Fig. 11.1 HR-pQCT. (a) Demonstrates the correct patient positioning for a lower extremity scan. The patient’s lower extremity is immobilized through a carbon fiber cast and is anchored in the…
Diabetes-Related Conditions and Complications in Orthopaedic Surgery
Fig. 4.1 General classification of hip fractures The overall incidence of femoral neck fractures in the USA is between 0.4 and 1.0 % [15, 16], and the estimated cost of…
Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Bone Turnover in Diabetic Disease
Fig. 8.1 Diabetes significantly affects osteoblast activity at multiple levels. Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into pre-osteoblasts or pre-adipocytes as well as other cell types. Runx2 is expressed when mesenchymal…
Safety of Antidiabetic Therapies on Bone
Fig. 7.1 Schematic representation of coupling between osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast development and function. MSC mesenchymal stem cells, HSC hematopoietic stem cells Three types of cells are involved in bone…
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Skeletal Health
Fig. 2.1 Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of hip fracture in case–control and cohort studies. Each square shows the study-specific relative risk (RR) estimate (the size of…
Impact of Diabetes on Periodontal Disease
Fig. 5.1 (Right side) Healthy periodontal tissue. (Left half side) Effects of periodontitis with subgingival bacterial plaque formation, gingival tissue inflammation, periodontal attachment loss, periodontal pocket formation, and alveolar bone…
Biomarkers of Diabetic Bone Disease
Fig. 6.1 Histomorphometric changes in bone formation. (a, b) Tetracycline double-labeled bone biopsies in a 58-year-old T2D Caucasian woman (a) and a 57-year-old Caucasian female control (b). Bone formation is…
